•  
  •  
 

Corresponding Author

Dilshad A.Rasul

Document Type

Research Article

Abstract

Heavy metals are important factor for metabolic reaction in edible plants, and also needed by different organs of human body, but their relatively excessive accumulation is hazardous and health risk. Therefore, their concentration in edible plants must be ranged in line, otherwise considered as contaminants. In this study, three edible plants (E. sativa Mill., A. graveolens L. and L. Sativum L.) were harvested and separated to root and shoot parts, then followed by determining some essential and non-essential metals (Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, Mn and Ni), using ICP-MS. As a result, the maximum mean values for those metals were (46.58 mgPb/kg root, 49.85 mgZn/kg root, 71 mgMn/kg shoot, 5.06 mgCd/kg shoot of A. graveolens. And 42 mgCu/kg root and 14.85 mgNi/kg root of L. sativum. As a conclusion, these plants in the studied area are not suitable for consumption, due to unacceptable amount of metal contaminants that created from wastewater as the only source of water for irrigation

Keywords

heavy metals, edible plants, accumulation, wastewater

References

Alejandro, S., S. Höller, B. Meier and E. Peiter. 2020. Manganese in plants: from acquisition to subcellular allocation. Frontiers in Plant Science, 11, 300.

Ali H., E. Khan and M. A. Sajad. 2013. Phytoremediation of heavy metals - concepts and applications. Chemosphere. 91(7):869–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. chemosphere.01.075

Ametepey, S. T., S. J. Cobbina, F. J. Akpabey, A. B. Duwiejuah and Z. N. Abuntori. 2018. Health risk assessment and heavy metal contamination levels in vegetables from Tamale Metropolis, Ghana. Int J Food Contam. 5(1):1–8. https://doi. org/10.1186/s40550-018-0067-0.

Araya, M., M. Olivares and F. Pizarro. 2007. Copper in human health. International Journal of Environment and Health, 1(4), 608-620.

Azwanida, N. N. 2015. A review on the extraction methods use in medicinal plants, principle, strength and limitation. Med Aromat Plants, 4(196), 2167-0412.

Briffa, J., E. Sinagra and R. Blundell. 2020. Heavy metal pollution in the environment and their toxicological effects on humans. Heliyon, 6(9), e04691.

Castaňares, E. and B. Lojka. 2020. Potential hyperaccumulator plants for sustainable environment in tropical habitats. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 528, No. 1, p. 012045). IOP Publishing.

Godt, J., F. Scheidig, C. Grosse-Siestrup, V. Esche, P. Brandenburg and A. Reich. 2006. The toxicity of cadmium and resulting hazards for human health. J Occup Med Toxicol. 1(1):1–6. https://doi.org/10.1186/1745-6673-1- 22.

Haftu, Z. and P. Sathishkumar. 2020. Determination of physicochemical parameters and heavy metals concentration in drinking water at Asgede Tsimbila District, Tigray, Ethiopia. Chem Afr. (2):1–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42250-020- 00129-4.

Hochmuth, G., D. Maynard, C. Vavrina, E. Hanlon & E. Simonne. 2004. Plant tissue analysis and interpretation for vegetable crops in Florida.

Jaishankar M, T. Tseten, N. Anbalagan, B. B. Mathew and K. N. Beeregowda. 2014. Toxicity, mechanism and health effects of some heavy metals. Interdiscip Toxicol. 7(2):60–72 https://doi.org/10.2478/intox-2014-0009.

Joint FAO/ WHO food standards programme codex committee on contaminants in foods. In Fifth Session [displayed 10 February 2014]. Available at ftp://ftp.fao.org/codex/meetings/CCCF/cccf5/cf05_INF.

Keraita, B., R. C. Abaidoo, I. Beernaerts, S. Koo-Oshima, P. Amoah and P. Drechsel. 2012. Safe re-use practices in wastewater-irrigated urban vegetable farming in Ghana. J Agric Food Syst Community Dev. 2(4):147–58 https://doi. org/10.5304/jafscd.2012.024.004.

Khalid, K. M., and D. G. Ganjo. 2021. Native aquatic plants for phytoremediation of metals in outdoor experiments: implications of metal accumulation mechanisms, Soran City-Erbil, Iraq. International Journal of Phytoremediation, 23(4), 374-386.

Kumar, V., R. K. Thakur and P. Kumar. 2020. Predicting heavy metals uptake by spinach (Spinacia oleracea) grown in integrated industrial wastewater irrigated soils of Haridwar, India. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 192(11), 1-13.

Li, L., and X. Yang. 2018. The essential element manganese, oxidative stress, and metabolic diseases: links and interactions. Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev. 2018:7580707. doi: 10.1155/2018/7580707.

Makino, T., Y. Luo, L. Wu, Y. Sakurai, Y. Maejima, I. Akahane and T. Arao. 2010. Heavy metal pollution of soil and risk alleviation methods based on soil chemistry. Pedologist 53(3):38–49.

Mengistu, D. A. 2021. Public health implications of heavy metals in foods and drinking water in Ethiopia (2016 to 2020): systematic review. BMC public health, 21(1), 1-8.

Muchuweti, M., J. W. Birkett and E. Chinyanga. 2006. Heavy metal content of vegetables irrigated with mixtures of wastewater and sewage sludge in Zimbabwe: implication for human health. Agric Ecosyst Environ 112:41–48.

Mustafa, B. Y. and S. Sabir. 2001. Reuse of Erbil city sewage for irrigation purposes. Journal Brayeti center. 18: 303 – 319.

Navarro, M., C. Pérez-Sirvent, M. Martínez-Sánchez, J. Vidal, P. Tovar and J. Bech. 2008. Abandoned mine sites as a source of contamination by heavy metals: a case study in a semiarid zone. J Geochem Explor 96:183–193.

Prabu. P. C. 2009. Impact of heavy metal contamination of Akaki River of Ethiopia on soil and metal toxicity on cultivated vegetable crops. Electron J Environ Agric Food Chem. 8(9):819–20.

Rai, P. K., S. S. Lee, M. Zhang, Y. F. Tsang and K. H. Kim. 2019. Heavy metals in food crops: Health risks, fate, mechanisms, and management. Environment international, 125, 365-385.

Salazar, M. J., J. H. Rodriguez, G. L. Nieto and M. L. Pignata. 2012. Effects of heavy metal concentrations (Cd, Zn and Pb) in agricultural soils near different emission sources on quality, accumulation and food safety in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill]. J Hazard Mater 233–234:244–253

Sall, M. L., A. K. D. Diaw, D. Gningue-Sall, S. Efremova Aaron and J. J. Aaron. 2020. Toxic heavy metals: impact on the environment and human health, and treatment with conducting organic polymers, a review. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27, 29927-29942.

Senoner, T., and W. Dichtl. 2019. Oxidative stress in cardiovascular diseases: still a therapeutic target ?. Nutrients, 11(9), 2090.

Shekha, Y. A. and J. K. Al-Abaychi. 2011. Study of microorganisms' pollution of vegetable crop wild raddish (Raphanus raphanistrum L.) irrigated with Erbil wastewater channel. J. of Kirkuk University.

Singh, N., M. Kaur and J. K. Katnoria. 2017. Analysis on bioaccumulation of metals in aquatic environment of Beas River Basin: A case study from Kanjli wetland. GeoHealth 1, 93–105. doi: 10.1002/2017GH000062.

Sobha, K., A. Poornima, P. Harini and K. Veeraiah. 2007. A study on biochemical changes in the fresh water fish, Catla catla (Hamilton) exposed to the heavy metal toxicant cadmium chloride. Kathmandu Univ J Sci Eng Tenol. 3(2):1. https://doi.org/10.3126/kuset.v3i2.2890.

Suganya, A., A. Saravanan and N. Manivannan. 2020. Role of zinc nutrition for increasing zinc availability, uptake, yield, and quality of maize (Zea mays L.) grains: An overview. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal, 51(15), 2001- 2021. Tariq, F. S. 2021.

Heavy metals concentration in vegetables irrigated with municipal wastewater and their human daily intake in Erbil city. Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring & Management, 16, 100475.

UN-HABITAT. 2004. The state of the World’s Cities: Globalization and Urban Culture. UN-HABITAT, Human Settlements Programme, Nairobi.

Zhao Y., X. Fang, Y. Mu, Y. Cheng, Q. Ma, H. Nian and C. Yang. 2014. Metal pollution (Cd, Pb, Zn, and As) in agricultural soils and soybean, Glycine max, in southern China. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 92:427–432

Publication Date

8-14-2022

Included in

Life Sciences Commons

Share

COinS