Gender-based differences of inflammatory, coagulation, and cardiac markers in COVID-19 patients in Erbil city

Authors

Shukur Wasman Smail, Department of Biology, College of Science, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Iraq Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Science, Cihan UniversityFollow
Zhikal Omar Khudhur, Department of Biology Education, Faculty of Education, Tishk International University
Sonia Elia Ishaq, Ministry of Health, Kurdistan Regional Government. Erbil-Iraq
Rebaz Hamza Salih, Ministry of Health, Kurdistan Regional Government. Erbil-Iraq. PAR Private Hospital, Kurdistan Regional Government. Erbil-Iraq
Karzan Abdullah, Ministry of Health, Kurdistan Regional Government.PAR Private Hospital. School of Medicine, University of Kurdistan Hewler.Zanco Private Hospital

Corresponding Author

Shukur Wasman Smail

Authors ORCID

0000-0001-8188-2540

Document Type

Research Article

Abstract

In December 2019, a new coronavirus disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) appeared in Wuhan city and quickly became a global health issue. COVID-19 causes various symptoms ranging from no symptoms to potentially deadly pneumonia. The study aimed to understand the effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on immune response and the differences in inflammatory, coagulation, and cardiac biomarkers between male and female patients. Between June 1st and November 1st, 2020, 95 cases of SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals were studied at Zanko Hospital. SARS-CoV-2 infection was confirmed using the real-time RT-PCR technique. All cases were analyzed for clinical, epidemiological, and laboratory data. On average, the patients were 50.64 (SEM= 2.359) years old, with 61 males and 34 females. Thepatients had elevated C-reactive protein (CRP), which was 43.96 (SEM= 6.154), while the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) was 50.50 (SEM= 5.498). The mean of D-Dimer, ferritin and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were 1.204 (SEM= 0.164), 534.7 (SEM= 61.48),and 366.6 (SEM= 36.81), respectively. There were no significant differences in the study's data mentioned above between male and female patients. In conclusion, inflammation is the most prominent symptom in COVID-19 patients, and males and females are nearly equally affected

Keywords

COVID-19, D-dimer, inflammatory markers, LDH, sex difference

How to Cite This Article

Smail, Shukur Wasman; Khudhur, Zhikal Omar; Ishaq, Sonia Elia; Salih, Rebaz Hamza; and Abdullah, Karzan (2023) "Gender-based differences of inflammatory, coagulation, and cardiac markers in COVID-19 patients in Erbil city," Polytechnic Journal: Vol. 12: Iss. 2, Article 5.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.25156/ptj.v12n2y2022.pp42-46

References

Ali, A., Mohamed, S., Elkhidir, I., Elbathani, M., Ibrahim, A., Elhassan, A., Salman, M., Elhassan, M., Elnil, M. & Abuzied, A. 2020. The Association of Lymphocyte count and levels of CRP, D-Dimer, and LDH with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A Meta-Analysis. medRxiv.

Badawi, A. & Ryoo, S. G. 2016. Prevalence of comorbidities in the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV): a systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 49, 129- 133.

Chakravarty, D., Nair, S. S., Hammouda, N., Ratnani, P., Gharib, Y., Wagaskar, V., Mohamed, N., Lundon, D., Dovey, Z. & Kyprianou, N. 2020. Sex differences in SARS-CoV-2 infection rates and the potential link to prostate cancer. Communications biology, 3, 1-12.

Channappanavar, R., Fett, C., Mack, M., Ten Eyck, P. P., Meyerholz, D. K. & Perlman, S. 2017. Sex-based differences in susceptibility to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection. The Journal of Immunology, 198, 4046-4053.

Chen, G., Wu, D., Guo, W., Cao, Y., Huang, D., Wang, H., Wang, T., Zhang, X., Chen, H. & Yu, H. 2019. Clinical and immunologic features in severe and moderate forms of Coronavirus Disease. J Clin Invest, 137244.

Chen, N., Zhou, M., Dong, X., Qu, J., Gong, F., Han, Y., Qiu, Y., Wang, J., Liu, Y. & Wei, Y. 2020. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. The lancet, 395, 507-513.

Ciceri, F., Beretta, L., Scandroglio, A. M., Colombo, S., Landoni, G., Ruggeri, A., Peccatori, J., D'Angelo, A., De Cobelli, F. & Rovere-Querini, P. 2020. Microvascular COVID-19 lung vessels obstructive thromboinflammatory syndrome (MicroCLOTS): an atypical acute respiratory distress syndrome working hypothesis. Critical care and resuscitation, 22, 95.

Griswold, M. G., Fullman, N., Hawley, C., Arian, N., Zimsen, S. R., Tymeson, H. D., Venkateswaran, V., Tapp, A. D., Forouzanfar, M. H. & Salama, J. S. 2018. Alcohol use and burden for 195 countries and territories, 1990– 2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet, 392, 1015-1035.

Group, T. R. C. 2020. Dexamethasone in hospitalized patients with Covid-19—preliminary report. The New England journal of medicine.

Guan, W.-j., Ni, Z.-y., Hu, Y., Liang, W.-h., Ou, C.-q., He, J.- x., Liu, L., Shan, H., Lei, C.-l. & Hui, D. S. 2020. Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China. New England journal of medicine, 382, 1708- 1720.

Hu, B., Huang, S. & Yin, L. 2021. The cytokine storm and COVID‐19. Journal of medical virology, 93, 250-256.

Huang, C., Wang, Y., Li, X., Ren, L., Zhao, J., Hu, Y., Zhang, L., Fan, G., Xu, J. & Gu, X. 2020. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. The lancet, 395, 497-506.

Ishaq, S. E., Abdulqadir, S. Z., khudhur, Z. O., Omar, S. A., Qadir, M. K., Awla, H. k., Rasul, M. F., Bapir, A. A., Zanichelli, A., Mansoor, M. K., Kaleem, M., Rizwan, M. A., Smail, S. W. & Babaei, E. 2021. Comparative study of SARS-CoV-2 antibody titers between male and female COVID-19 patients living in Kurdistan region of Iraq. Gene Reports, 25, 101409.

Iwasaki, A. & Pillai, P. S. 2014. Innate immunity to influenza virus infection. Nature Reviews Immunology, 14, 315- 328.

Jaillon, S., Berthenet, K. & Garlanda, C. 2019. Sexual dimorphism in innate immunity. Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology, 56, 308-321.

Liang, T. 2020. Handbook of COVID-19 prevention and treatment. The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine. Compiled According to Clinical Experience, 68.

Nicholls, J. M., Poon, L. L., Lee, K. C., Ng, W. F., Lai, S. T., Leung, C. Y., Chu, C. M., Hui, P. K., Mak, K. L. & Khudhur Polytechnic Journal ● Vol 12 ● No 2 ● 2022 46 Lim, W. 2003. Lung pathology of fatal severe acute respiratory syndrome. The Lancet, 361, 1773-1778.

Oboho, I. K., Tomczyk, S. M., Al-Asmari, A. M., Banjar, A. A., Al-Mugti, H., Aloraini, M. S., Alkhaldi, K. Z., Almohammadi, E. L., Alraddadi, B. M. & Gerber, S. I. 2015. 2014 MERS-CoV outbreak in Jeddah—a link to health care facilities. New England Journal of Medicine, 372, 846-854

Peiris, J., Lai, S., Poon, L., Guan, Y., Yam, L., Lim, W., Nicholls, J., Yee, W., Yan, W. & Cheung, M. 2003a. Coronavirus as a possible cause of severe acute respiratory syndrome. The Lancet, 361, 1319-1325.

Peiris, J. S. M., Chu, C.-M., Cheng, V. C.-C., Chan, K., Hung, I., Poon, L. L., Law, K.-I., Tang, B., Hon, T. & Chan, C. 2003b. Clinical progression and viral load in a community outbreak of coronavirus-associated SARS pneumonia: a prospective study. The Lancet, 361, 1767-1772.

Ruan, Q., Yang, K., Wang, W., Jiang, L. & Song, J. 2020. Clinical predictors of mortality due to COVID-19 based on an analysis of data of 150 patients from Wuhan, China. Intensive care medicine, 46, 846-848.

Sarhan, A. R., Flaih, M. H., Hussein, T. A. & Hussein, K. R. 2020. Novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak in Iraq: the first wave and future scenario. medRxiv.

Sproston, N. R. & Ashworth, J. J. 2018. Role of C-reactive protein at sites of inflammation and infection. Frontiers in immunology, 9, 754.

Wang, H. & Ma, S. 2008. The cytokine storm and factors determining the sequence and severity of organ dysfunction in multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. The American journal of emergency medicine, 26, 711-715.

WHO 2020a. Clinical management of severe acute respiratory infection when novel coronavirus ( nCoV) infection is suspected: interim guidance, 25 January 2020. World Health Organization.

WHO 2020b. Naming the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and the virus that causes it. Brazilian Journal Of Implantology And Health Sciences, 2.

Wu, Z. & McGoogan, J. M. 2020. Characteristics of and important lessons from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in China: summary of a report of 72 314 cases from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Jama, 323, 1239-1242.

Yin, Y. & Wunderink, R. G. 2018. MERS, SARS and other coronaviruses as causes of pneumonia. Respirology, 23, 130-137.

Zaki, A. M., Van Boheemen, S., Bestebroer, T. M., Osterhaus, A. D. & Fouchier, R. A. 2012. Isolation of a novel coronavirus from a man with pneumonia in Saudi Arabia. New England Journal of Medicine, 367, 1814- 1820.

Zeng, Z., Yu, H., Chen, H., Qi, W., Chen, L., Chen, G., Yan, W., Chen, T., Ning, Q. & Han, M. 2020. Longitudinal changes of inflammatory parameters and their correlation with disease severity and outcomes in patients with COVID-19 from Wuhan, China. Critical Care, 24, 1-12.

Publication Date

2-1-2023