•  
  •  
 

Document Type

Original Article

Abstract

Estimate of erosion and sedimentation in the basins without data is difficult such as most of the Iraqi Kurdistan watersheds. In this case using empirical data are needed in order to provide a basis for planning the actual management, also important component in hydrological studies, soil erosion, flood hazard, water supply projects and design of drainage system. Alibag catchment is one of the sub-basins of the Great Zab River, area of 237 square kilometers in the Erbil provinces, Iraqi Kurdistan. However, it has a great importance in terms of agriculture and tourism. So, it's important to estimate the amount of soil erosion. In this study the USLE (Universal Soil Loss Equation) method was used. The different layers of the USLE equation was prepared and processed in Arc GIS. Empirical equations were used for each of the parameters of USLE, by considering characteristics of similar areas. Rainfall and soil data were processed, the slope and vegetation layers were formed using aerial photos and complete with field studies. Soil loss values range between 0 and 16.6 (ton.h-1.y-1). Mean value is 6.05 and the SD (Standard Division) parameter is (0.7 ton.h-1.y-1), respectively.

Publication Date

3-1-2018

References

1. Aziz, F. H. et al. 2001. Study of agro-ecological zoning. FAO representation in Iraq. FAO Coordination Office for Northern Iraq.

2. Banasik K., Gôrski D. 1994: Rainfall erosivity for south-east Poland. In: Conserving soil resources: European perspectives. R.J. Rickson (Ed.). Selected papers from the First International Congress of the European Society for Soil Conservation, CABI International, 201–207.

3. Beskow, S., Mello, C.R. and Norton, L. D. 2009. Soil erosion prediction in the Grande River Basin, Brazil using distributed modeling. Catena journal. Volume 79, Issue 1, 15 October 2009, Pages 49-59.

4. Cooper Kurt. 2011. Evaluation of the relationships between the RUSLE R-factor and mean annual precipitation. (http://engr.colostate.edu/~pierre/ce_old/Projects/linkfiles/Cooper%20R-factorFinal.pdf)

5. El-Swaify, S.A. 1994. State of the art for assessing soil and water conservation needs. pp: 13- 27. In: T.L. Napier, S.M. Camboni, and El-Swaify (eds), Adopting conservation on the farm. Soil and Water conservation Society, Ankeny, IA.215pp.

6. FAO 1996:Land husbandry -Components and strategy, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United

7. Ferrari R., Pasqui M., Bottai L., Esposito S. & Di Giuseppe E., 2005 - Assessment of soil erosion estimate based on a high temporal resolution rainfall dataset. In: Proc. 7th European Conference on Applications of Meteorology (ECAM), Utrecht, Netherlands, 12-16 September 2005.

8. Ferro V, Giordano G, Lovino M. 1991. Iso-erosivity and erosion risk map for Sicily. Hydrol. Sci, 36 (6): 549–564

9. Fistikoglu Okan, and Harmancioglu Nilgun B. 2002. Integration of GIS with USLE in assessment of soil Erosion, Journal of Water Resources Management, Volume 16, Issue 6, pp 447–467.

10. Hurni H. 1983. Soil erosion and soil formation in agricultural ecosystems in Ethiopia and Northern Thailand. Mountain research and development; 3(2):131-142.

11. IFA, Soil erosion, 1999, Australia, internet link: (http://informaction.org/index.php?main=soilerosion_gen&subject=Soil%20erosion)

12. Jarbou A. Bahrawi, Mohamed Elhag, Amal Y. Aldhebiani, Hanaa K. Galal,2,3 Ahmad K. Hegazy, and Ebtisam Alghailani, 2016, Soil Erosion Estimation Using Remote Sensing Techniques in Wadi Yalamlam Basin, Saudi Arabia. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering. Volume 2016, Article ID 9585962, 8 pages.

13. John W.N & Leonard J. L. 1986. Erosion Control Technology: A User's Guide to the Use of the Universal Soil Loss Equation at Waste Buria Facilities. Los Alamos National Laboratory.

14. Johnson. C.W., Gebhardt. K.A., 1982. Predicting sediment yields from saga brush rangeland in Proceedings of the workshop on estimating erosion and sediment yield on rangeland. Tucson Aritong, March 1982.V.5. Department of agriculture ARM-W26.p.145-156.

15. Kahraman, L. A. 2004. Geographical analysis of soil characteristics and problems in Erbil governorate and its land capability. Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. of Salahaddin –Erbil.

16. Khosravi. H, Gh. Zehtabian, H. Ahmadi, H. Azarnivand, 2010, Determination of Desertification Severity in Kashan Region Using IMDPA Model, The 6th International Symposium on” Protection and Utilization of Ecosystems in Arid and Semi - Arid Regions”, 2nd - 6th October 2010, Karaj, Iran.

17. Lal R. 1998. Soil erosion impact on agronomic productivity and environment quality. Critical Review. Plant Science 17: 319±464.

18. Lal R.1990. Erosion measurement and evaluation. In Soil Erosion in the Tropics: Principles and Measurement .McGraw-Hill: New York; 183±223.

19. Lo A., El-Swaify S.A., Dangler E.W. & Shinshiro L. 1985. Effectiveness of EI30 as an erosivity index in Hawaii. In: El- Swaify S.A., Moldenhauer W.C. & Lo A. (eds), Soil erosion and conservation. Soil Conservation Society of America, Ankeny: 384-392.

20. Malleswara B.N. Rao and Singh P.N, 2014, GIS Based Soil Erosion Estimation -A Case Study of Ghanpur Watershed. 4th Inte. Conf. on Hydrology and Watershed (ICHWAM), Vol. 2 GBV.

21. Narasayya Kamuju. 2016. Soil Erosion and Sediment Yield Analysis Using Prototype & Enhanced SATEEC GIS System Models. International Journal of Advanced Remote Sensing and GIS, Volume 5, Issue 1, pp. 1471-1482.

22. Nations, 1996. [online] accessed 2010 -03-11 http://www.fao.org/docrep/t1765e/t1765e00.htm#Contents

23. NSERL Report No. 10. 2010. West Lafayette, Ind.: USDA-ARS National Soil Erosion Research Laboratory.

24. Renard K.G. & Freimund, J.R., 1994 - Using monthly precipitation data to estimate the R-factor in the revised USLE. Journal of Hydr. 157: 287-306.

25. Singh, G., R. Babu, P. Narain, L. S. Bhushan, and I. P. Abrol. 1992. Soil erosion rates in India. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 47 (1): 97-99.

26. Stewart, B. A., Woolhiser, D. A., Wischmeier, W. H., Caro, J. H. & Freere, M. H. 1975. Control of water pollution from cropland. Vol. I, Report EPA-600. US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington DC, USA.

27. Stocking, M.A. and H.A. Elwell. 1976. Vegetation and erosion: a review. Scottish Geogr. Mag. 92:4-16.

28. Stone R. P. & Hilborn D., 2012. Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE). Factsheet. AGDEX 572/751.

29. UNEP.1999. Human Development Report of the Islamic Republic of IRAN. Chapter 8, pp: 109- 121.

30. Van der Poel, P. 1980. Rainfall erosivity and its use for soil loss estimation. Ministry of Agr., Government Printer, Gaberone, Botswana.

31. Wischmeier, W. H., and Smith, D. D. 1965. Predicting rainfall-erosion losses from cropland east of the Rocky Mountains. Agr. Handbook No. 282, U.S. Dept. Agr., Washington, DC

32. Wischmeier, W.H. 1959. A Rainfall Erosion Index for a Universal Soil- Loss Equation. Soil Science Society of America. J, 23:3, 246-249.

33. Wischmeier, W.H. and Smith, D.D. 1978. Predicting Rainfall Erosion Losses: A Guide to Conservation Planning. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Science and Education Administration and Purdue University, Washington, D.C.

34. Yu, B. & Rosewell, C. J. 1996c. A robust estimator of the R factor for the Universal Soil Loss Equation. Trans. Am. Soc. Agric. Engrs 39(2), 559-561.

Share

COinS