Effect of Rainfall Pattern on Sediment Yield and Runoff in Different Textured Soils

Authors

Abdul-rahman Perdawood Haydar, Salahaddin University - Erbil, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, Erbil, IraqFollow
Kamyar Mutalib Mohammed, Salahaddin University - Erbil, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, Erbil, Iraq.Follow
Dawod Rasooli Keya, Food Security and Public Health Department, Khabat Technical Institute, Erbil Polytechnic University, , Erbil, IraqFollow

Corresponding Author

Kamyar Mutalib Mohammed

Authors ORCID

0009-0000-5455-563

Document Type

Original Article

Abstract

Evaluating the impacts of rainfall intensities on bulk density, runoff rate, and sediment yield is critical in soil characterization and sediment transport. The primary objective of this research is to use multiple linear regression analysis to establish several models correlating rainfall intensity, silt content, and clay content with bulk density, sediment yield, and runoff rate. Several soil samples from different locations in Erbil, Iraq, were collected. Soil samples were placed in a rainfall simulator and brought back to in-situ conditions. The parameters of the suggested models for predicting bulk density, runoff rate, and sediment yield were estimated using linear and non-linear least squares approaches in Microsoft Excel, and the results of the suggested models were validated by several model performance indicators. The results showed that the 3-parameter bulk density and runoff rate models were the best-performing models with coefficients of determination (R²) of 0.923 and 0.931, respectively. However, the model relating rainfall intensity and clay content with sediment yield showed the best performance with an adjusted R² of 0.675 and the lowest values for mean absolute error and root mean square error (93.976 and 72.104, respectively). The results also showed that coefficients of variation were less than 15% for all predicted and measured bulk density, sediment yield, and runoff rate models. In conclusion, the correlation of rainfall intensity with bulk density and runoff rate is significant. Integrating rainfall intensity, silt, and clay led to the largest increase in the coefficient of determination in bulk density and runoff rate models while the largest increase was noticed when relating rainfall intensity and clay content with sediment yield.

Keywords

Rainfall; Models; Sediment yield; Runoff rate; Bulk density.

How to Cite This Article

Haydar, Abdul-rahman Perdawood; Mohammed, Kamyar Mutalib; and Keya, Dawod Rasooli (2024) "Effect of Rainfall Pattern on Sediment Yield and Runoff in Different Textured Soils," Polytechnic Journal: Vol. 14: Iss. 1, Article 5.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.59341/2707-7799.1747

References

[1] Henorman HM, Tholibon DA, Nujid MM, Mokhtar H, Abd Rahim J, Saadon A. The effects of rainfall patterns on runoff, sediment, and nutrients under various artificial rainfall experiments. 2021. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-961967/v1.

[2] Parsons AJ, Stone PM. Effects of intra-storm variations in rainfall intensity on interrill runoff and erosion. Catena 2006 Aug 15;67(1):68e78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2006. 03.002.

[3] Van Dijk AI, Bruijnzeel LA, Rosewell CJ. Rainfall intensity kinetic energy relationships: a critical literature appraisal. J Hydrol 2002 Apr 15;261(1e4):1e23. https://doi.org/10.1016/ S0022-1694(02)00020-3.

[4] Sumner G. In: Bonell M, Hufschmidt MM, Gladwell JS, editors. Hydrology and water management in the humid tropics: hydrological research issues and strategies for water management. Cambridge: CambridgeUniversity Press; 1993. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.3370150112.

[5] Keya DR, Karim TH. Simulation of rainfall intensity and slope gradient to determination the soil runoff coefficient at microplot scale. Polytech J 2020 Jun 30;10(1):12e7. https:// doi.org/10.25156/ptj.v10n1y2020.pp12-17.

[6] Ma RM, Li ZX, Cai CF, Wang JG. The dynamic response of splash erosion to aggregate mechanical breakdown through rainfall simulation events in Ultisols (subtropical China). Catena 2014 Oct 1;121:279e87. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.catena.2014.05.028.

[7] Meyer LD, Monke EJ. Mechanics of soil erosion by rainfall and overland flow. Trans ASAE 1965;8(4):572e7. https:// doi.org/10.13031/2013.40586)@1965.

[8] Sime CH, Abebe WT. Sediment yield modeling and mapping of the spatial distribution of soil erosion-prone areas. Appl Environ Soil Sci 2022:2022. https://doi.org/10.1155/ 2022/4291699.

[9] Morgan RP. Soil erosion and conservation edited by davidson. DA University of Strathclyde; 1986. https://www.scirp. org/reference/referencespapers?referenceid¼2793784.

[10] Hussein MH, Kariem TH, Othman AK. Predicting soil erodibility in northern Iraq using natural runoff plot data. Soil Tillage Res 2007;94(1):220e8. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.still.2006.07.012.

[11] Bradford JM, Huang CH. Splash and detachment by waterdrops. New York, NY: USA Soil Erosion, Conservation and Rehabilitation; 1996. p. 64e76. https://www.taylorfrancis. com/chapters/edit/10.1201/9781003418177-4/splashdetachmentwaterdrops-joe-bradford-chi-huahuang.

[12] Kinnell PI. Raindrop-impact-induced erosion processes and prediction: a review. Hydrol Process Int J 2005 Sep;19(14): 2815e44. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.5788.

[13] Chaplot VA, Le Bissonnais Y. Runoff features for interrill erosion at different rainfall intensities, slope lengths, and gradients in an agricultural loessial hillslope. Soil Sci Soc Am J 2003 May;67(3):844e51. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2003. 8440.

[14] Kinnell PI. The effect of slope length on sediment concentrations associated with side-slope erosion. Soil Sci Soc Am J 2000 May;64(3):1004e8. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2000. 6431004x.

[15] Wang Y, Ni J, Ni C, Wang S, Xie D. Effect of natural rainfall on the migration characteristics of runoff and sediment onpurple soil sloping cropland during different planting stages. J Water Clim Change 2021;12(7):3064e81. https://doi.org/ 10.2166/wcc.2021.333.

[16] Liu XZ. Three-dimensional simulation of the transport of water and nitrogen with interflow in slope cropland of purple soil. M.D. thesis. Chongqing, China: Chongqing University; 2016. https://doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2021.333 Chinese with English abstract]. [in Chinese with English abstract].

[17] Guan JW. Principles of soil and water conservation. 1996. https://doi.org/10.25156/ptj.v10n1y2020.pp12-17.

[18] Gaucher R, Steingruber SM, Reinhardt M, Wehrli B. Nutrient transfer from soil to surface waters: differences between nitrate and phosphate. Aquat Sci 2004;66:117e22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00027-003-0661-x.

[19] Salih HO, Keya DR, Mohammed KM. Integrated use of USLE, GIS, and remote sensing for soil erosion mapping in Erbil Basin. Polytech J 2023;13(2):2. https://doi.org/10.59341/ 2707-7799.1716.

[20] Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). World livestock production systems: current status, issues and trends, FAO Animal Prod. Health Pap. 127. U.N.: Food and Agric. Organ. Rome; 1996. p. 83.

[21] Webster JS, Wilson RC. Anatomical diversity in roots of seven species of Abronia from California and its ecological implications. Aliso A J Syst Florist Bot 1980;9(4):567e79. https://scholarship.claremont.edu/aliso/vol9/iss4/5.

[22] Egharevba NA, Ibrahim H. Prediction of sediment yield in runoff from agricultural land in the Southern Guinea Savanna Zone of Nigeria. West Afr J Appl Ecol 2006;10(1). ajol-file-journals_330_articles_45709_submission_proof_ 45709-3937-49042-1-10-20090904(2).pdf.

[23] Han D, Deng J, Gu C, Mu X, Gao P, Gao J. Effect of shrubgrass vegetation coverage and slope gradient on runoff and sediment yield under simulated rainfall. Int J Sediment Res 2021;36(1):29e37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2020.05.004.

[24] Dong W, Lin Y, Wright JS, Xie Y, Yin X, Guo J. Precipitable water and CAPE dependence of rainfall intensities in China. Clim Dynam 2019;52:3357e68. https://doi.org/10.1175/ 2008MWR2502.1.

[25] de Almeida WS, Seitz S, de Oliveira LFC, de Carvalho DF. Duration and intensity of rainfall events with the same erosivity change sediment yield and runoff rates. Int Soil Water Conserv Res 2021;9(1):69e75. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.iswcr.2020.10.004.

[26] Tao C, Jiang H, Zawislak J. The relative importance of stratiform and convective rainfall in rapidly intensifying tropical cyclones. Mon Weather Rev 2017;145(3):795e809. https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-16-0316.1.

[27] Liang Z, Liu H, Zhao Y, Wang Q, Wu Z, Deng L, et al. Effects of rainfall intensity, slope angle, and vegetation coverage on the erosion characteristics of Pisha sandstone slopes under simulated rainfall conditions. Environ Sci Pollut Control Ser 2020;27:17458e67. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/ s11356-019-05348-y.

[28] Aziz FH, Karim TH, Ismail AO, Ahmed DG, Ghaib FA, Karim K, et al. Study of agro-ecological zoning for dianaMergasor- Barzan and Sheruan Mazn/Rubar Barazgird valley areas. FAO Representation in Iraq, Coordination Off ice for Northern Iraq; 2001.

[29] UNESCO. Aridity definition (UN documents). New York: United Nation Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization; 1979. p. 12.

[30] Muhaimeed AS, Saloom AJ, Saliem KA, Alani KA, Muklef WM. Classification and distribution of Iraqi soils. Int Agric Innov Res 2014;2(6):997e1002. https://ijair.org/ administrator/components/com_jresearch/files/publications /IJAIR_670_Final.pdf.

[31] Mawlood D, Hussein EAJ. Integrated water management in Mala omer, Erbil, KRI. ZANCO J Pure Appl Sci 2016;28(2). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307155644_ Integrated_Water_Management_in_Mala_Omer_Erbil_KRI.

[32] Buringh P. Soils and soil conditions in Iraq. 1960. https:// edepot.wur.nl/480098.

[33] Beretta AN, Silbermann AV, Paladino L, Torres D, Kassahun D, Musselli R, et al. Soil texture analyses using a hydrometer: modification of the Bouyoucos method. Cienciae investigaci_on agraria: revista latinoamericana de ciencias de la agricultura 2014;41(2):263e71. https://doi.org/ 10.4067/s0718-16202014000200013.

[34] Blake GR, Hartge KH. Particle density. In: Methods of soil analysis: Part 1 physical and mineralogical methods. vol. 5; 1986. p. 377e82. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssabookser5.1.2ed. c14.

[35] Jackson ML. Soil chemical analysis: advanced course. UWMadison Libraries Parallel Press; 2005. https://www. scirp.org/reference/referencespapers?referenceid¼1171690.

[36] Zhang H, Wang JJ. Loss on ignition method. In: Sikora FJ, Moore KP, editors. Soil test methods from the southeastern United States. Southern extension and research activity information exchange group 6. Athens: Univ. of Georgia; 2014. p. 155e7. http://aesl.ces.uga.edu/sera6/PUB/Methods ManualFinalSERA6.asp.

[37] Allison LE, Moodie CD. Carbonate. In: Methods of Soil Analysis: Part 2 Chemical and Microbiological Properties. vol. 9; 1965. p. 1379e96. https://www.scirp.org/reference/ referencespapers?referenceid¼574154.

[38] Kibet LC, Saporito LS, Allen AL, May EB, Kleinman PJ, Hashem FM, et al. A protocol for conducting rainfall simulation to study soil runoff. JoVE 2014 Apr 3;(86):e51664. https://doi.org/10.3791/51664.

[39] Khan MN, Gong Y, Hu T, Lal R, Zheng J, Justine MF, et al. Effect of slope, rainfall intensity and mulch on erosion and infiltration under simulated rain on purple soil of southwestern Sichuan province, China. Water 2016 Nov 12;8(11): 528. https://doi.org/10.3390/w8110528.

[40] Mhaske SN, Pathak K, Basak A. A comprehensive design of rainfall simulator for the assessment of soil erosion in the laboratory. Catena 2019 Jan 1;172:408e20. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.catena.2018.08.039.

[41] Akaike H. A new look at the statistical model identification. IEEE Trans Automat Control 1974 Dec;19(6):716e23. https:// doi.org/10.1109/TAC.1974.1100705.

[42] Willmott CJ. On the evaluation of model performance in physical geography. Spat Stat Model 1984:443e60. https:// doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-3048-8_23.

[43] Krause P, Boyle DP, B€ ase F. Comparison of different efficiency criteria for hydrological model assessment. AdvGeosci 2005 Dec 16;5:89e97. https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-589-2005.

[44] Mohammed KM, Karim TH. Models to predict slope length from other watershed attributes. Iraqi J Agric Sci 2020 Jul 1; (4):51. https://doi.org/10.36103/ijas.v51i4.1081.

[45] Masih I, Maskey S, Uhlenbrook S, Smakhtin V. Assessing the impact of areal precipitation input on streamflow simulations using the SWAT Model 1. JAWRA J Am Water Res Assoc 2011;47(1):179e95. 1688.2010.00502.x. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752

[46] Keya DR, Karim TH. Multivariate models for predicting rainfall erosivity from annual rainfall and geographical coordinates in a region with a NON-uniform pluvial regime. Iraqi J Agric Sci 2020;51(5). https://doi.org/10.36103/ ijas.v51i5.

[47]WuX,WeiY,WangJ,XiaJ,CaiC,WuL,etal.Effectsoferosion degree and rainfall intensity on erosion processes for Ultisols derived from quaternary red clay, 249. Agric Ecosyst Environ 2017:226e36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2017.08.023.

[48] Defersha MB, Melesse AM. Effect of rainfall intensity, slope and antecedent moisture content on sediment concentration and sediment enrichment ratio. Catena 2012;90:47e52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2011.11.002.

[49]MohamadiMA,KavianA.Effectsofrainfallpatternsonrunoff andsoilerosioninfieldplots.IntSoilWaterConservRes2015; 3(4):273e81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iswcr.2015.10.001 .

[50] Ali S, GhoshNC,SinghR.Rainfallerunoff simulation using a normalized antecedent precipitation index. Hydrol Sci J 2010; 55(2):266e74. https://doi.org/10.1080/02626660903546175.

[51] Willmott CJ. Some comments on the evaluation of model performance. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 1982 Nov;63(11): 1309e13. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1982)063%3C130 9:SCOTEO%3E2.0.CO.

[52] Meshram SG, Hasan MA, Nouraki A, Alavi M, Albaji M, Meshram C. Machine learning prediction of sediment yield index. Soft Comput 2023 Mar 18:1e4. https://doi.org/10.1155/ 2013/831657.

[53] Kim S, Kim H. A newmetric of absolute percentage error for intermittent demand forecasts. Int J Forecast 2016 Jul 1;32(3): 669e79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijforecast.2015.12.003.

[54] Abdi I, Meddi M. Comparison of conceptual rainfall runoff models in semi-arid watersheds of eastern Algeria. J Flood Risk Manag 2021 Mar;14(1):e12672. https://doi.org/10.1111/ jfr3.12672.