•  
  •  
 

Document Type

Original Article

Abstract

Objectives: Cryptosporidium is one of the most common causes of childhood diarrhea in developing countries. This study was carried out to assess the prevalence of cryptosporidiosis in under-six children suffering from diarrhea; to determine possible associations and methods used for diagnosis in Erbil province. Methods: Fecal samples were collected from 274 children (age ≤ 6 years) with diarrhea, in Raparin Pediatric Hospital. The study was carried out over a period of four months. Initial identification of Cryptosporidium oocyst was performed by modified acid-fast staining (MAFS) technique. Remainder of the sample was preserved for later cryptosporidium antigen detection by commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. Well designed questionnaire has been prepared to determine the epidemiology of Cryptosporidium spp. in children. The results were statistically analyzed by statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version (23.0). Results: Among the 274 examined children, Cryptosporidium were detected in 40/274 (14.6%) by MAFS technique and in 56/274 (20.4%) using ELISA. Antigen detection by ELISA was more effective and showed high positivity in detecting Cryptosporidium spp. compared to MAFS technique. The highest infection 23/104 (22.1%) appeared in children who less than one year while the lowest infection 7/40 (17.5%) seen in children between 5 to 6 years old. Gender, feeding types and residency were non-significantly differences with Cryptosporidium infection in children with diarrhea.

Publication Date

6-1-2018

References

1- Hussain, G.; Roychoudhury, S. and Singha, B. (2016). Prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. among Diarrhea Patients attending Hospital and Community based in Cachar District of Assam, India. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci., 5(9):524-529.

2- El-Helalya, N.S.; Alyb, M.M. and Attiab, S.S. (2012). Detection of Cryptosporidium infection among children with diarrhea. New York Sci. J., 5(7):68- 76.

3- Mathew, A.O.; David, O.O.; Olubunmi, F.I.; Mosunmola, O.J.; Tiamiyu, A. R. and Gbenga, A.O. (2014). Infection Rate of Cryptosporidium parvum among Diarrhea Children in Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria. Sch. J. App. Med. Sci., 2(6):3127- 3131.

4- Latif, B. and Rossle, N.F. (2015). Cryptosporidiosis among children with diarrhoea in three Asian countries: A review. Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed., 5(11):885-888.

5- Saneian, H.; Yaghini, O.; Yaghini, A.; Modarresi, M. and Soroshnia, M. (2010). Infection Rate of Cryptosporidium parvum among Diarrheic Children in Isfahan. Iran J. Pediat., 20(3):343-347.

6- Hazrati, T.K.; Barazesh, A.; Hajazi, S. and Mostaghim, M. (2011). Prevalence of Cryptosporidium in children referred to oncology center of Imam Khomeini hospital in Urmia, Iran. Pak. J. Med. Sci., 27(1):120-123.

7- Fouladvand, M.; Barazesh, A.; Naeimi, B. and Najafi, A. (2012). Frequency of Cryptosporidium infection and related factors under five year’s old children hospitalized with gastroenteritis. African J. Micro. Res., 6(19):4102-4106.

8- Al Braiken F.A.; Amin, A.; Beeching, N.J.; Hart, C.A. and Hommel, M. (2003). Detection of Cryptosporidium amongst diarrhoeic and asymptomatic children in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Ann. Trop. Med. & Parasitol., 97(5):1-6.

9- Iqbal, J.; Khalid, N. and Hira, P.R. (2011). Cryptosporidiosis in Kuwaiti children: association of clinical characteristics with Cryptosporidium spp. and subtypes. J. Med. Microbiol., 60:647-652.

10- Karaman, Ü.; Daldal. N.; Özer, A.; Engiyurt, Ö. and Ertürk, Ö. (2015). Incidence of Cryptosporidium spp. In The Human Population of Malatya in Turkey. Acta. Medica. Mediter., 31: 263-269.

11- Nagamani, K.; Pavuluri, P.; Gyaneshwari, M.; Prasanthi, K.; Rao, M. and Saxena, N.k. (2007). Molecular Characterization of Cryptosporidium: An Emerging Parasite. Indian J. Med. Microbiol., 25(2):133-136.

12- Tahira, F.; Khan, H.M.; Shukla, I.; Shujatullah, F.; Malik, M.A. and Shahid, M. (2012). Prevalence of Cryptosporidium in Children with Diarrhoea in North Indian Tertiary Care Hospital. J. Comm. Med. Hlth. Educ., 2(3):1-3.

13- AL-Hindi, A.I.; Elmanama, A.A. and Elnabris, K.J. (2007). Cryptosporidiosis among Children Attending Al-Nasser Pediatric Hospital, Gaza, Palestine. Turk. J. Med. Sci., 37(6):367-372.

14- Al-Shamiri, A.H.; Al- Zubairy, A.H. and Al-Mamari, R.F. (2010). The Prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. in Children, Taiz District, Yemen. Iranian J. Parasitol. 5(2):26-32.

15- Abdelrazek, N.M.; Al-Antably, A.S.A.; Fathy, M.M. and El-Badry, A.A. (2016). Copro-Molecular Characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. and Genotypes among Egyptian children. J. Egypt. Soc. Parasitol., 46(2):375-386.

16- Abdul-Sada, K.M. (2015). Molecular and epidemiological study of Cryptosporidium spp. in Mid-Euphrates Area. Kufa J. Nursing Sci., 5(1):1-11.

17- Ali, F.M. (2013). Cryptosporidiosis in Sulaimani Pediatric Teaching Hospital and comparison of different diagnostic methods for its detection. M.Sc. Thesis. School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences. University of Sulaimani.

18- Salman, Y.J.; Sadek, W.S. and Rasheed, Z.K. (2015). Prevalence of Cryptosporidium parvum among Iraqi displaced people in Kirkuk city using direct microscopy, flotation technique and ELISA-copro antigen test. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci., 4(11):559-572.

19- Al-alousi, T.I. and Mahmood, O.I. (2012). Detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts in calves and children in Mosul, Iraq. Proceeding of the Eleventh Veterinary Scientific Conference. 280-285.

20- Rahi, A.A. (2013). Comparison among Modified Acid-Fast Stain and Some Immunological Methods in Diagnosis of Cryptosporidium parvum in Kut City. J. Wassit Sci. Med., 6(1):12-20.

21- Rahi, A.A.; Ali, M.A. and Al-Charrakh, A.H. (2013). Prevalence of Cryptosporidium parvum among children in Iraq. Amer. J. Life Sci., 1(6):256-260.

22- Saeed, A.K. and Khairi, N.M. (2014). Study The Prevalence Of Giardiasis and Cryptosporidiosis Among Children At Al-Ressafa Side of Baghdad By Comparison Between The Efficiency Of Some Diagnostic Methods. AL-Taqani. 27(2):82-93.

23- Alsake, H.M. (2004). Prevalence of Cryptosporidiosis among children attending pediatric and maternity hospital in Erbil. Zanko J. Med. Sci., 8(2):71-80.

24- Abdullah, H.M. (2010). Prevalence of Cryptosporidium species and some intestinal protozoa in children suffering from diarrhea in Erbil governorate. M.Sc. Thesis. Hawler Medical University.

25- Koyee, Q.M. and Faraj, A.M. (2015). Prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. With Other Intestinal Microorganisms among Regular Visitors of Raparin Pediatric Hospital in Erbil City-Kurdistan Region, Iraq. Zanco J. Pure Appl. Sci., 27(4):57-64.

26- Sherchand, S.P.; Joshi, D.; Adhikari, N.; Poudel, R.C.; Pant, K.P.; KC5, M.; Shrestha, D. and Sherchan, S. (2016). Prevalence of Cryptosporidiosis among School Going Children in Kathmandu, Nepal. E.C. Microbiol., 4(1):641-646.

27- Nair, P.; Mohamed, J.A.; DuPont, H.L.; Figueroa, J.F.; Carlin, L.G.; Jiang, Z.; Belkind-Gerson, J.; Martinez-Sandoval, F.G. and Okhuysen, P.C. (2008). Epidemiology of Cryptosporidiosis in North American Travelers to Mexico. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 79(2):210-214.

28- Garcia, L.S. (2001). Practical guide to diagnostic parasitology, 4th edition. ASM Press, Washington, D.C.

29- Koskei, K.J.; Jane, M. and Rose, O. (2014). Prevalence of Cryptosporidium Species and Giardia Lamblia Infection in Patients Attending Siaya District Hospital.

30- Yu, J.R.; Lee, J.K.; Seo, M.; Kim, S.I.; Sohn, W.M.; Huh, S.; Choi, H.Y. and Kim, T.S. (2004). Prevalence of Cryptosporidiosis among the villagers and domestic animals in several rural areas of Korea. Korean J. Parasitol., 42:1-6.

31- Bera, P.; Das, S.; Saha, R.; Ramachandran, V. and Shah, D. (2014). Cryptosporidium in Children with Diarrhea: A Hospital-Based Study. Indian Ped., 51(15):906-908.

Download

Share

COinS